Daily Archives: December 17, 2024

Distributed Systems Design Pattern: Lease-Based Coordination — [Stock Trading Data Consistency Use…

Leave a reply
An overview of the Lease-Based Coordination process: The Lease Coordinator manages the lease lifecycle, allowing one node to perform exclusive updates to the stock price data at a time.

The Lease-Based Coordination pattern offers an efficient mechanism to assign temporary control of a resource, such as stock price updates, to a single node. This approach prevents stale data and ensures that traders and algorithms always operate on consistent, real-time information.

The Problem: Ensuring Consistency and Freshness in Real-Time Trading

The diagram illustrates how uncoordinated updates across nodes lead to inconsistent stock prices ($100 at T1 and $95 at T2). The lack of synchronization results in conflicting values being served to the trader.

In a distributed stock trading environment, stock price data is replicated across multiple nodes to achieve high availability and low latency. However, this replication introduces challenges:

  • Stale Data Reads: Nodes might serve outdated price data to clients if updates are delayed or inconsistent across replicas.
  • Write Conflicts: Multiple nodes may attempt to update the same stock price simultaneously, leading to race conditions and inconsistent data.
  • High Availability Requirements: In trading systems, even a millisecond of downtime can lead to significant financial losses, making traditional locking mechanisms unsuitable due to latency overheads.

Example Problem Scenario:
Consider a stock trading platform where Node A and Node B replicate stock price data for high availability. If Node A updates the price of a stock but Node B serves an outdated value to a trader, it may lead to incorrect trades and financial loss. Additionally, simultaneous updates from multiple nodes can create inconsistencies in the price history, causing a loss of trust in the system.

Lease-Based Coordination

The diagram illustrates the lease-based coordination mechanism, where the Lease Coordinator grants a lease to Node A for exclusive updates. Node A notifies Node B of its ownership, ensuring consistent data updates.

The Lease-Based Coordination pattern addresses these challenges by granting temporary ownership (a lease) to a single node, allowing it to perform updates and serve data exclusively for the lease duration. Here’s how it works:

  1. Lease Assignment: A central coordinator assigns a lease to a node, granting it exclusive rights to update and serve a specific resource (e.g., stock prices) for a predefined time period.
  2. Lease Expiry: The lease has a strict expiration time, ensuring that if the node fails or becomes unresponsive, other nodes can take over after the lease expires.
  3. Renewal Mechanism: The node holding the lease must periodically renew it with the coordinator to maintain ownership. If it fails to renew, the lease is reassigned to another node.

This approach ensures that only the node with the active lease can update and serve data, maintaining consistency across the system.

Implementation: Lease-Based Coordination in Stock Trading

The diagram shows the lifecycle of a lease, starting with its assignment to Node A, renewal requests, and potential reassignment to Node B if Node A fails, ensuring consistent stock price updates.

Step 1: Centralized Lease Coordinator

A centralized service acts as the lease coordinator, managing the assignment and renewal of leases. For example, Node A requests a lease to update stock prices, and the coordinator grants it ownership for 5 seconds.

Step 2: Exclusive Updates

While the lease is active, Node A updates the stock price and serves consistent data to traders. Other nodes are restricted from making updates but can still read the data.

Step 3: Lease Renewal

Before the lease expires, Node A sends a renewal request to the coordinator. If Node A is healthy and responsive, the lease is extended. If not, the coordinator reassigns the lease to another node (e.g., Node B).

Step 4: Reassignment on Failure

If Node A fails or becomes unresponsive, the lease expires. The coordinator assigns a new lease to Node B, ensuring uninterrupted updates and data availability.

Practical Considerations and Trade-Offs

While Lease-Based Coordination provides significant benefits, there are trade-offs:

  • Clock Synchronization: Requires accurate clock synchronization between nodes to avoid premature or delayed lease expiry.
  • Latency Overhead: Frequent lease renewals can add slight latency to the system.
  • Single Point of Failure: A centralized lease coordinator introduces a potential bottleneck, though it can be mitigated with replication.

Stackademic 🎓

Thank you for reading until the end. Before you go: